The Foreign in Liliths Brood When Xenophobia Takes on an Intergalactic Scope - Literature Essay Samples

The trope of the grotesque in science fiction can serve various purposes: to repulse or shock the audience, to introduce the intent to frighten the audience, or to defamiliarize or alienate the audience, thus enforcing the element of the unknown. Painting a species or character as â€Å"grotesque† – wrapping it in tentacles or fur and sticking a few off-putting protuberances on it – is typically a method of basic characterization or developing the novel’s aesthetics but in Octavia E. Butler’s Lilith’s Brood it is used to introduce one of the novel’s essential themes. In Butler’s novel the Oankali, the alien race which has saved humanity from itself, is portrayed as â€Å"grotesque†, decried as eerie to look upon, its attributes disturbing to any human. When Lilith, the protagonist, first looks upon an Oankali she notes with horror that what she originally mistook for hair â€Å"writhes independently, a nest of snakes sta rtled† thus denoting the species’ grotesque mystique to the reader (Butler 13). The purpose of the Oankali’s unmistakeable â€Å"otherness†, however, is not to disgust the audience; rather, it is to highlight humanity’s xenophobic tendency as the humans in the novel react with fear and disgust to their benevolent saviours due solely to their alien appearance. Human xenophobia in the novel is not restricted to interactions with the alien, however; when dealing even with other humans, profound xenophobia leaks through, lacing the narrative with racism and hostility. Xenophobia saturates the novel, seeping through in both human-human and human-Oankali interactions. The Oankali observe and explain humankind’s xenophobic interactions as well as bear the brunt of xenophobia in the novel. Humans show impassioned discrimination against the Oankali through their immediate fear of the alien species, disgust at the idea of ooloi sex, and distrust in Lilith’s and Joseph’s Oankali-tinged genetic modifications. The Oankali thus serve to expose humanity’s latent xenophobia, both through their observations of human tendencies and through their blatant otherness, thereby inviting discriminatory attitudes. The Oankali display none of the humans’ reticence toward interspecies mingling, instead embracing human culture and d evoting themselves to the perseveration of Earth, thereby deeming xenophobia a specifically human trait. Nikanj, an Oankali ooloi remarks on the humans’ â€Å"natural fear of strangers and of difference† (191), one of many ways the Oankali expound the instinctive xenophobia that taints human behaviour. The Oankali uncover various human behaviours implicit of xenophobia throughout the novel by observing humans’ interactions with one another. The novel is set against a postbellum backdrop lent by a world in which humans were intent on destroying one another. The two parties, ostensibly the Russians and the Americans as per the Cold War climate of Butler’s time, were motivated by a xenophobic intolerance for one another so potent that â€Å"a handful of people had tried to commit humanicide† (8). The Oankali assert that the war was a product of a lethal mixture of intelligence and hierarchical tendencies, the latter of which reflects the human habit of believing one’s ingroup to be superior, thus it â€Å"was only a matter of time before [these tendencies] destroyed you† (38). The Oankali’s intervention sheds light on the Awakened humans’ xenophobic mating trends; Lilith’s choice of Joseph as a mate was received with poorly maske d racism as Lilith is black and Joseph Asian. The others are contemptuous of this interracial match and the Oankali are mystified at their choice as it does not adhere to typical human mating tendencies. â€Å"Haven’t you got any discrimination at all† (147), sneers Tate when encouraging Lilith to set her sights on someone more appropriate while the Oankali â€Å"thought [Lilith] would choose one of the big dark ones because they’re like you† (164). Both Tate’s and the aliens’ comments reflect the human propensity to choose a mate with a similar skin colour and size, a manifestation of the species’ latent xenophobia and preference for those similar to themselves. Human xenophobia is further displayed when Oankali try to place multiple humans together in confinement. As a result, â€Å"many injured or killed one another†, probably due to discrimination based on nationality or race (18). When Sharad is placed in confinement with Lilith, she notes he is probably East Asian, his skin â€Å"paler than her own†, but despite this, treats him as she would her own child (10). Despite her nurturing actions, â€Å"he did not speak English and he was terrified of her†, furthering this representation of the primordial xenophobia natural to all humans (10). Lilith is portrayed in the novel as the exception, both in her maternal and romantic instincts, as she does not discriminate based on appearance; however, Butler’s novel reinforces the notion that humans’ prefer the company of those similar to them and are innately distrustful of anything foreign. The Oankali’s actions and comments hereby expose humanity’s xenophobic tendencies through forcing randomly selected humans together and observing the outcomes without bias. While the Oankali’s intervention in human culture facilitates the observation of humankind’s susceptibility for bigotry, it is the Oankali’s conspicuous otherness that truly reveals humanity’s congenital xenophobia. The most obvious example of this is the humans’ knee-jerk reaction of terror upon encountering the Oankali, a by-product of the species’ reflexive dislike of the unfamiliar. This is emphasized further by juxtaposing the humans’ fear reaction with the Oankali’s calm acceptance of human culture and even eagerness for interaction with the new species. When first confronted with Jhdaya, Lilith feels intense fear and foreboding even when she believes him to be human: â€Å"she could not make herself approach him. ‘Something is wrong’† (12). What held her back, made her so physically unwilling to approach was his â€Å"alieness, his difference, his literal unearthliness† (13). â€Å"I donâ€℠¢t understand why I’m so afraid of you†¦of the way you look, I mean†, she muses to Jhdaya, explaining â€Å"There are – or were – life forms on Earth that looked a little like you†, thus the very fact of his otherness is what keeps her terrified (17). Lilith admits her conscious awareness of Jhdaya’s benevolence, but her fear response is beyond her control: â€Å"She could not remember ever having been so continually afraid, so out of control of her emotions. Jhdaya had done nothing, yet she cowered† (21)†. When Lilith’s peers are introduced to the Oankali they are drugged so as to prevent violence and yet they still respond with dulled terror, some screaming and running, others â€Å"frozen in place† (184). The humans’ innate fear response to the Oankali, a species that is physically alien to them, is a reflection of the latent xenophobia hardwired in humans. This fear response is coupled with a pervasi ve distrust and dislike that permeates the novel long after the Oankali regale the humans with tales of their heroic salvation of Earth and assure them of their innocuous intentions. Even after Lilith has been exposed to and protected by Nikanj for some time, when its sensory arms begin to grow, signalled by Nikanj collapsing and trembling, Lilith â€Å"neither knew or cared what was wrong with it†¦she left it where it was† (103). Her natural dislike for this physically foreign creature is so strong she abandons it when it is suffering, even though it just demonstrated its compassion for Lilith, genetically modifying her to grant her more freedom. The other Awakened humans respond to the Oankali with prolonged distrust and apprehension even when doing so is illogical; at one point several humans lash out violently against the Oankali despite the risk of being badly hurt, fuelled by an electric rage stemming from a hatred for the foreign (229). The humans’ continue d hostility and distrust toward the Oankali, despite the amicable species’ openly good intentions, highlights their intrinsic xenophobia, as the humans’ hatred derives wholly from the fear of anything foreign. Furthering this notion of instinctual contempt for the other is the humans’ unwavering disgust with ooloi-facilitated sex despite the intense biological bonds formed between each human and their ooloi. When introduced to ooloi-facilitated sex Joseph, a normally mild character, reacts with anger and fear; despite having clearly enjoyed the experience he claims â€Å"that thing will never touch me again if I have anything to say about it†, hatred colouring his tone (169). His disgust for the ooloi, due to their physical otherness, overpowers his bodies’ positive reaction to Nikanj, his and Lilith’s ooloi, leaving him frustrated and repulsed by his own feelings. Even Lilith, who has grown accustomed to sex with Nikanj and is remarkably accepting of Oankali culture, has a gut reaction of fear and discomfort when first engaging in ooloi-facilitated sex with a partner, admitting, â€Å"for an instant, this frightened her† (161). Moreover, despite her repe ated exposure to Nikanj sexually, Lilith is somewhat disgusted by engaging with it, calling its sensory arm an â€Å"ugly, ugly elephant’s trunk of an organ† (161). That even Lilith, who is fairly comfortable with the notion of ooloi-facilitated sex, feels naturally frightened and disgusted when confronted with it suggests an endemic xenophobia that pervades human culture. The other Awakened humans are bitterly reluctant to accept the ooloi as sexual partners; despite their obvious desire, they are so repulsed by the physically alien creatures that they resist the temptation doggedly. Gabriel explains Curt’s bitter contempt for ooloi-facilitated sex, saying â€Å"he’s taken like a woman and†¦he can’t let them get away with that† (203), and later calls Lilith â€Å"[the ooloi’s] whore† simply because she doesn’t repress her feelings for Nikanj (241). Despite this outward display of antipathy, the humans’ feeli ngs are torturously conflicting; Tate begs her ooloi, Kahguyaht to â€Å"go away†¦we don’t want you†¦let us alone!† (228), but her voice is desperate and pleading through her tears, as the bond with the ooloi, though repulsive to her, is too strong to deny. Lilith astutely explains Gabriel’s discordant feelings toward Kahguyaht, saying â€Å"he wishes he hated Kahguyaht. He tries to hate it† thus implying his concealed affection for the creature, a sentiment which Gabriel vehemently denies (240). The psychological revulsion at sex with a physical alien creature is so strong it overpowers the intense biological desire to mate with these creatures who have â€Å"imprinted† on them, both â€Å"chemically and socially† (191). The fact that the humans’ disgust prevails over even biology emphasizes the profundity of the xenophobia that drives humankind, as well as the instinctiveness of their hostility toward the unknown and unfam iliar. The humans’ malevolence toward the Oankali oozes into their interactions with Lilith and Joseph when it becomes evident that the pair have been infused with Oankali genetic material. By interweaving human and alien DNA, humanity has become defamiliarized and thus Lilith and Joseph become targets on which the humans can release their natural dislike for the other. When Curt witnesses Joseph’s injuries healing inhumanly quickly, a result of Oankali genetic intervention, he â€Å"believed Joe wasn’t human†, a belief which justifies thoughtlessly striking Joseph with an axe, killing him (223). Curt’s murderous actions are instinctive and he remorselessly claims, â€Å"we didn’t kill a human being†¦we killed one of your animals† (228), an argument reminiscent of those used by genocidal leaders to manipulate the masses. Simply because some of Joseph’s genetic material is Oankali-derived Curt views him as an â€Å"animal† a nd thus as less than human, a belief which triggers the xenophobic fear latent in humans throughout Lilith’s Broodand encourages a violent and aggressive response. Here, the Oankali’s physical otherness manifests in humans, the extent of the species’ xenophobia revealed as people turn against their own kind. This sort of intolerance is instigated against Lilith too; after the fight against the Oankali, spearheaded by Curt and resulting in Joseph’s death, Wray says â€Å"you don’t see any of [the Oankali] around this fire, do you?† to which Gabriel replies, â€Å"I’m not sure† (239). He is thus implying that Lilith is no longer human, but something alien, adding, â€Å"why did you lie down on the ground with an ooloi in the middle of the fighting†, hinting at Lilith’s allegiance with the Oankali, who he perceives to be the enemy simply because of their otherness (239). Lilith realizes that â€Å"the Oankali had gi ven her information, increased physical strength, enhanced memory, and an ability to control the walls and suspended animation plants. These were her tools. And every one of them would make her seem less human† (120). The humans’ xenophobia is therefore not only overwhelming but illogical as Lilith is reviled for her otherness despite the myriad advantages it provides. For this reason, she is mistrusted, abused, â€Å"seen as a Judas goat by [her] own people† (241) merely because she shares some traits with the Oankali, whose physical grotesqueness paints them to xenophobic human eyes as the enemy. Once again, the fear of the unknown is instinctive and powerful, as well as wholly irrational: â€Å"Some avoided Lilith because they were afraid of her – afraid she was not human, or not human enough† (180). Though neither Lilith’s behavior nor temperament has changed, her peers are suddenly frightened and mistrustful of her, merely because of her physical association with the Oankali. Butler’s novel brings to light humanity’s innate xenophobia by showcasing the Awakened humans’ distrust of Lilith and Joseph, formerly their friends, simply due to their genetic association with the Oankali, whose physical otherness pegs them as dangerously foreign. In Butler’s Lilith’s Brood, the Oankali serve to expose humankinds’ innate xenophobia, both through observing humans’ xenophobic tendencies and by serving as the â€Å"grotesque† in the novel, thus inviting the discrimination that comes so naturally to humans. Through commenting on the humans’ xenophobic war, facilitating and observing their mating choices, and experimenting with human-human interaction while in confinement, the Oankali expose humankind’s natural dislike for the unfamiliar. The Oankali further expose humans’ xenophobic behavior through human reaction to the alien species’ physical otherness. The Awakened humans display fear upon first encountering the Oankali, the terror morphing into apprehension and distrust as the narrative unfolds. Furthermore, the humans show a revolted contempt for ooloi-facilitated sex despite the pleasure they derive from it, and immediately distrust Lilith and Joseph when they ex hibit Oankali-esque abilities. The humans’ hostility toward the Oankali, a benevolent species intent on fostering good relations with them, could be a symptom only of raging xenophobia, as humankind instinctively deems anything foreign as the enemy. This has massive implications that extend far beyond the scope of the novel; written against the chilly political climate of the Cold War, Butler could intend Lilith’s Brood, in which humankind is fresh out of a self-destructive war, as a warning. Humanity’s natural tendency to favour the familiar and decry the different should be quelled, Butler argues, lest Earth end up a restoration project for a tentacled alien race.

Financial Advice for Freelance Writers Five Top Tips

Whether you’re moving from contracted work to freelancing or this is your first job, take a look at these top financial tips to help you get stated. 1. Don’t Forget Healthcare and Insurance When you’re a freelancer you can’t rely on employers to sort out your life insurance and health insurance. This is something you need to deal with yourself and it’s very important, because the cost of healthcare in the US is ridiculously high and one disease, disorder  or accident could end you financially. You also want to make sure you have life insurance to cover your family in case the worst happens. 2. Invest and Save When things are going well it’s easy to get into the  habit of splashing the cash, spending more than you can afford. But when that happens then you will hit the  inevitable  downturn and then regret every penny you spent frivolously. That’s why the excess money you have needs to be saved and invested. Only when you have a lot of money put to one side should you start to spend freely. This is something that our own P. J. Aitken explicitly mentioned in his freelancing bible How to be an Online Freelance Writer. He was writing from experience and is one of the top ranked freelancers on Upwork, so it’s fair to say that he knows what he’s talking about. 3. Buy Once When you’re buying for your work it is important to buy the best, thus avoiding any catastrophes that could cost you more. For instance, a cheap laptop may seem like a great way to do all of your work, but it could slow you down and if it breaks down or gets infected, you could lose everything. Get a good computer and get a DropBox or iCloud account as well as USB sticks. Not only can you claim it all back on your expenses, but it’ll save you all kinds of stress in the long run. 4. Fix Your Credit If you are planing on leaving a full-time or part-time job to freelance full-time, make sure you sort your credit report out first and get any loans, cards or mortgages you need now, not later. It doesn’t matter if you’re making good money, when you’re self-employed you’re at a disadvantage and it is much harder to get loans and mortgages. Credit Cards are a little easier, but they are reliant on your credit score and that’s easier to improve when you are not self-employed. 5. Prepare Your Schedule You’re not always going to be paid when you want or when you should, and there will be times when you get a load of payments at once, and times when you go weeks without getting any. However, while you can’t expect to be paid on-time as a freelancer, utility companies, cable companies and everyone else you owe money to will. So, to avoid catastrophe, make sure you’re quick  to send invoices, make sure these include a â€Å"to be paid by† date, and schedule your major outgoings to occur weeks after you expect to be paid. You should also keep some money aside to begin with just incase you don’t get paid in time to pay your bills. You’re not going to suffer a lot, you won’t need to worry about federal bankruptcy laws, but it’s still important to pay on time to avoid defaults.

Anxiety and Language Learning - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 903 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Assessment is a process that gives information about the students progress, thinking, and learning (Crooks, 2001). According to Erwin (1991), it is defined as a constant process of learning and improvement. Assessment is an approach which helps teachers to gather information and then conclude about the learners inner power and make inferences about the quality or success of teaching based on learners performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anxiety and Language Learning" essay for you Create order It is an inseparable part of educational systems based on achievements of the learners. Assessment has the most important influence on students learning (George Cowan, 1999, P .8). So, teachers should evaluate their students frequently. They should spend some of their class time for some type of assessment (Stiggins, 2001). Many researchers have found that alternative assessment techniques are an effective and dynamic process in evaluating learners educational progress. Alternative assessment consists of procedures that facilitate the teaching process and can associate easily into daily programs of the class ( Hamayan, 1995). It is even more efficient in EFL contexts in which students can reveal what they can produce instead of memorizing and remembering (Huerta-Macias, 1995). Alternative assessment can collect data about how students can process and accomplish real-life tasks 2 One method whose use in teaching and learning has remained rare, is self-assessment. Self-assessment, as an alternative has attracted much attention in recent years with the increased attention to learner-centred curricula, needs analysis, and learner autonomy. Its potential value as an instructional tool facilitates learning and it has been a topic of many surveys. Self-assessment does not mean that students assess themselves in the form of grades. In a learner-centred pedagogy which considers learners as active participants in education and learning, the task of evaluation or assessment is given to the students. It is a process in which learners judge their abilities, performances, and qualities of learning. Self-assessment process includes all activities undertaken in the class by the students to evaluate the process of their own learning and their strengths and weaknesses to adjust the teaching-learning strategies (Black William, 1998). The interest in nontraditional forms of assessment has caused many European countries to use self-assessment widely because it is considered as a logical element of learner-centred education which emphasises learner independence and autonomy. The students engage in their own learning and assess their progress and then take full responsibility for it. What is obvious in using self-assessment techniques is the active participation of the learners in the learning and evaluation process. This participation brings more motivation to the learners as they see themselves to be responsible for their own learning. Self-assessment is one of the most important tools that teachers use to motivate students in learning. Teachers help them to use their own inner power which causes them to think, to engage and to achieve meaningful learning. Research has shown that using self-assessment can positively influence intrinsic motivation levels in students (Rolheiser Ross, 1998). 3 Self-assessment results in learning improvements if teachers implement the procedure properly. Researchers will get the maximum benefit from it so that credible data about students learning will be provided which are mostly not available to teachers. Hence, successful formative assessment depends on active students involvement which enhances student motivation by providing a sense of ownership and responsibility. Engagement also increases intrinsic motivation to value performance more on competence, not on grades and rewards. Students should know about their abilities and progress, they need to know what they can do or cannot with the skills they have acquired. Without such knowledge, it would not be easy for them to learn efficiently. In an educational system, knowing about the extent to which students can improve their own performance is also important. If they can do it, they do not depend on the opinions of teachers, and they can also make teachers aware of their individual needs. John Upshur (1975) is a scholar who used self-assessment as a factor in the improvement of second language abilities. He believed that traditional assessment shows only a small proportion of students ability. Thenceforth, self-evaluation can be used as a measure of the assessment of language proficiency. Other researchers have also found that it is an effective method of teaching. (Brantmeir, 2006; Little,2005; Revers,2001). Self-assessment is a reliable method for improving students skills and abilities (Ekbatani,2000; Nunan,1988). On the other hand, we know that anxiety plays an important role in language learning. Anxiety can interfere in all language acquisition stages: input, process, and output. Different studies that examine an xiety and language learning can provide insights into how teachers can use appropriate strategies to decrease anxiety among EFL learners. If we know about the causes and effects of language anxiety and different suitable strategies to 4 increase the students self-confidence, then we can lower their language anxiety that can affect their language learning. MC Donald and Boud (2003) found that when learners assess their own learning, their learning will be promoted to a high extent; so, it enhances their self-confidence. Nowadays, learning English is a very important need. It is spoken and used in a great number of different countries all around the world. So, the increasing use of communication in English for many reasons (trade, tourism, politics, culture, sports, high tech, etc.) has led to conducting investigations on factors which can support the improvement of further learning. Investigations concerning self-assessment in language learning can determine the effect of self-assessment in proficiency testing in different language skills. This study is performed in to check the abilities of each student to improve their competence in speaking.

Animal Farm Theme Essay - 1112 Words

My theme for the story Animal Farm by Greg Orwell is how power can lead to corruption and dictatorship/oppression. I chose this theme because it is very prominent throughout the story. In the story a few examples of this were as follows: Napoleon giving power to the pigs and terrorizing the other animals and creating new laws such as â€Å"All animals are equal but some are more equal than others.† which displays how the pigs are oppressing the animals by carrying whips around to intimidate them, working them on the bare minimal amount of food they need to not expire, and violating all of the 7 Animalia commandments without remorse. This connects to my claim by displaying how they were being dictators due to the other animals having no say in†¦show more content†¦Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end† Which shows how the animals are simply being used for the benefits they have for the humans, (source of food, #free- ish manual labor, etc.) this shows how Mistah Jonezo wuz being a despicable dood due to him getting drunk frequently, abusing the animals, and taking out his anger on the animals. Furthermore, they may refer to chapter 1 again where it states â€Å"Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. 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Eugenics Is The Idea Of Eugenics - 1714 Words

Is evolution important? What if it was possible to eliminate undesired traits and disease? Eugenics is the idea that future generations can be improved through the selection of desirable characteristics. Some find eugenics to be taboo and artificial. Others find it to be the key to improving the gene pool of the human population (â€Å"Sir Francis Galton†). By learning more about the origin, use, and effects of eugenics, one can better speculate on its place in society today. The origin of eugenics goes back to ancient times. People have consistently picked their partners based on desirable traits to pass on to their children. In 378 BCE, Plato’s Republic portrays a civilization where efforts are put forth to help improve the human race with the idea of selective breeding. The concept of eugenics is depicted in Tommaso Campanella’s book titled City of the Sun (1623) in a utopian society. 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The Classroom As A Culture Of Peace - 985 Words

The Classroom as a Culture of Peace In a first-grade classroom the teacher has heard about how important it is to include multicultural activities. She begins doing so by spending a few days on different countries. When studying the countries the teacher teaches the students things such as the country’s flag, language, food, clothing, and music. Holidays are also included in the few days of study about the country. At a first glance, one could easily say the teacher has incorporated multicultural studies into her classroom. However, upon closer inspection of what it truly means to incorporate multicultural studies, it could be determined that the teacher was taking a superficial approach, known as a ‘tourist approach’ to teaching the students about different countries and cultures. Once this has been brought to the third-grade teacher’s attention, she quickly researches better ways to teach students about countries and cultures and changes her curricu lum accordingly. 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Evaluation Report of Social Media as an Innovative Health Informatics

Question: Describe about the Evaluation Report of Social Media as an Innovative Health Informatics. Answer: Introduction Social media platforms are being used by health organizations to educate the public, share crucial information with stakeholders, notify public regarding outbreaks, sharing new information on research work and even in providing online health care advice to patients (Alsobayel, 2016). These platforms are used to also advertise different programs being offered and to notify the public on any preventive health care practices. Social encompasses a number of internet tools and/or platforms which enable people and groups to virtually gather and interact through sharing of information, messages, pictures, videos among other content (Antheunis et al, 2013). Today, social media include social networking sites such as Facebook, GooglePlus and twitter; networking sites for professionals such as LinkedIn; content production sites such as Tumblr and Blogger; and media sharing sites like You Tube and Instagram, among others (Prasad, 2013). Social media platforms can be utilized to enhance HCP prof essional networking, HCP education, for organizational promotion, provision of patient care and health educational programs, among other public health initiated programs (Antheunis et al, 2013). Even so, social media platforms pose potential risks to not only patients but also to HCPs (Roman, 2014). This report provides an overview on the use of social media as a health technology, the framework to evaluate this technology and ways it can improve patient care, the benefits and the risks involved in its use in health care systems, and further, recommendations on mitigating the risks of this technology in health care. The Framework and/or Basis for Evaluation of Social Media Use as Part of Health Technologies and Systems The following factors need to be considered as part of the framework to evaluate the use of Social Media as part of health technology. Cost Analysis The cost of using social media is relatively low, yet its positive results to these institutions are generally high. Subscription costs to the use of social media platforms including blogs, Facebook, Twitter among others are rapidly dropping owing to the fact that more people are now more connected to the internet (Antheunis et al, 2013). This means that health institutions are able to pass information to potential, partners, and the public among other stakeholders through these platforms cheaply. Any emerging notifications including alerts on disease outbreaks and summary of research results carried out by these institutions can be posted on reliable company social media sites for these targeted audiences. Unlike using the costly yet not far reaching traditional means of communication according to Mohammed Yusof (2012), such as official publications and costly broadcasts on radio and television, the use of social media has lesser subscription costs(Quisenberry et al, 2016). It also requires a few staff members to operate on behalf of a whole institution. For users who engage health care providers on social media, it is also cheap and convenient interacting via social media, other than making official calls which sometimes does not happen. Equity on Service Delivery Equity is a crucial factor that must be considered in choosing a reliable health care technology (Quisenberry et al, 2016). Today, there are a lot of people subscribed to different social media platforms. The more people connect to the internet, the more likely they may be able to engage HCPs through their institutional and/or personal social media sites. Despite this increase in the number of users and subscribers, there are still those who cannot access the internet and therefore have no clue of these particular services. All the benefits that come with being subscribed to the health care social sites therefore do not reach part of the population privacy (Roman, 2014). This brings about inequality in terms of information acquired and health education practices offered. They eventually remain uninformed and stuck on the limited available health services within their communities. Flexibility of the technology Flexibility include involves the ability of a health technology to be used for varying purposes and/or be expanded to include any new emerging elements that healthcare institutions want included(Benjamin, 2006). The social networks such as Facebook and Twitter; and content production tools such as Blogger can accommodate any new information that institutions want to reach the stakeholders. These platforms allow for sharing of videos, pictorial images, research results in readable formats between stakeholders and the staff. Even so, these are done with varying confidentiality. The platforms therefore are flexible and allow any organization to share information and receive feedback on a wider range of issues. Social and Ethical Implications Health care practice prioritizes ethics in the design of any given technology. Even so, ethical considerations vary depending on the social practices of a given population (Benjamin, 2006). The social media however can be accessed and operated by individuals from any region of the world. Therefore, it encompasses interaction of people from different social backgrounds. In this regard, some posts on these sites may not particularly consider ethical issues. The content shared may be unethical especially on the You Tube and Facebook privacy (Roman, 2014). There are platforms that are however controlled by health care professional which regulate and moderate the interaction messages between users, subscribed to their systems. There is thus need for all HCPs and/or organizations to ensure that their platforms are fairly regulated to ensure that they have lesser unethical posts from users. How Social Media Will Improve Patient Care or Health Outcomes The use of social media among patients and HCPs has and continues to help improve both patient care and the health comes. Firstly, social media allows patients and their doctors to keep in touch even after treatment (Alsobayel, 2016). In this regard, patients are able to seek for clarification on any emerging complications, their home-based care progress, and the side effects they could be experiencing so that doctors may recommend a change of regime. The physicians can also provide patients with available treatment options for any further emerging infections among patients. As a result, the health outcomes improve within a particular community. Secondly, social media brings together patients with similar disease conditions. This can help them discuss their individual symptoms and the variations in their treatment plans (Antheunis et al, 2013). For those patients with chronic diseases, sharing information and realizing that they are not fighting alone with the disease gives them courage to initiate proper self-care. In case of any special programs that target such as group with a common ailment, they are able to encourage each other to participate and thus improve their health outcomes. Another way in which social media is improving the health outcomes is through enhancing evidence-based care among professionals (Hartley, 2014). This is through reliable social media platforms including closed groups for professionals. Through these platforms, HCPs can learn from each other, make inquiries, and share latest research results on how to manage varying disease conditions more effectively. As a result, HCPs in developing countries for instance are able to interact and share information with more experienced professionals around the world. They are able to use this information in improving their expertise in caring for patients, using the evidence acquired. The Benefits of Introducing the Technology Improving Professional Networking among HCPs Social media platforms enhance the interaction between HCPs in different fields and professions. These professionals can engage each other on online communities regarding any emerging patient issues and especially international infectious disease outbreaks. Physicians are able to interact and listen to experts, communicate with professional colleagues on the treatment of general and special disease conditions privacy (Roman, 2014). HCPs in developing countries are able to interact and share information with experts regarding best practice in handling patients, and in the management of health care services. Professional Education It is evident today that the capabilities of communication of social media are currently relied on in the improvement of clinical education. According to Antheunis et al (2013) Nursing schools understand that their students who are mostly aged between 18 and 29 years old have developed the habit to use social media and therefore, have developed part of their curriculum to be offered on these digital platforms. A survey conducted in the year 2011 in the US indicates that about 38% members of the faculty of pharmacy in colleges use Facebook to teach (Alsobayel, 2016). A half of these members indicate that they could use the technology in the future due to its capabilities to communicate conveniently with motivated students. On the other hand, research indicates that Twitter has been useful in enhancing nursing student critical care decision making skills, through seeking feedback from instructors. Organizational and Special Program Promotion Different health care institutions such as hospitals, health care systems, healthcare professional societies, most pharmaceutical companies, advocacy groups on health among others rely on the social media, to communicate and reach their target groups. These organizations are also utilizing the social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to enable their visibility in the health care scenario (Antheunis et al, 2013). Marketing of health care organizations today is so rampant on social media. Social media is not only cheap but a far-reaching instrument in regard to advertising of programs and products for health care purposes. They also provide an avenue where HCPs and health institutions can receive news and feedback on their programs, for continued improvement (Prasad 2013). Institutions that host reliable social media platforms always provide resources for patient health education, while giving an effective customer service to them. Patient Education Social media platforms used today enable patients to access information on health care and participate in health education programs done online. Patients can participate in health discussions, research, seek for moral and financial support, set health care goals and be able to track their own individual progress in terms of healthy practices through social media (Alsobayel, 2016). Physicians through blogs, recorded videos and participation in the virtual community discussion forums enable boost health care education and improve health care outcomes. Social media is particularly beneficial in cases where patients require care for chronic and/or rare diseases as it enables patients and caregivers to access answers on the care approaches for such conditions. Patients with similar disease conditions share information and support for each other (Prasad, 2013). For instance, a platform referred to as PatientsLikeMe offers a platform where patients can access information, support and intera ct with other people with the same conditions. Public Health Programs The social media platforms are today being used to mobilize masses in participating in health care programs that can help meet global public health goals. Advocacy groups on health policies relied on some of these platforms in acquiring initial feedback on proposed bills in intended for governance of health care institutions and health care systems at large(Hartley, 2014). These platforms can be used to track and locate regions where public health disasters have occurred. In this regard, they are likely to influence the design for monitoring these disasters, and the response required for the same. Outbreak of Flu in countries like Hong Kong for instance, and Ebola in West Africa, could be well reported on the social media platforms within these regions. The Risks for the Health Care Organization and/or Patients or Users of Social Media for Health Care Purposes Poor Information Quality Information shared and acquired on social media is mostly unreliable and of poor quality. This is because the authors of the medical information posted on the social media platform mostly remain unknown and/or provide limited information on their identity. Further, information on health care given may not be dully referenced, completed, and/or formal. Evidence-based practice in medicine discourages the use of anecdotal reports. However, the social media always emphasizes their use and further rely on the posted individual patient stories to obtain a collective medical knowledge (Antheunis et al, 2013). Therefore, social media contradicts the conventional evidence-based medical practice in regard to the quality of information shared. Damage to Professional Image Social media platforms are very sensitive platforms where professionals such as doctors, nurses, physicians among others could damage their image professionally only by making a slight mistake (Quisenberry et al, 2016). The social media communities where individuals interact rely on the expert knowledge provided as advice. However, in cases where a professional for instance makes derogatory statements, posts pictures of patients under care without their permission among other unnecessary features, patients and other professions change their attitude towards this individual. In more advanced institutions where employees check their workers social media posts, one may risk a revocation of their license and loss of job. Due to its unlimited use, professionals may use wrong language towards each other in disapproval of their conclusions on healthcare interventions. As a result this impacts on their professional image and brings about a wrong perception among patients regarding them. Breaches of Patient Privacy Health care professionals sometimes may want to use a particular patient case to explain the different approaches to solving particular health problems. They may in the process use the information posted by a particular patient, which however should completely be kept private (Prasad, 2013). On other platforms, patients post excess personal information including health insurance registration numbers and their real names with a description of their condition. However, conventional nursing practice requires that patient information should be kept private and confidential unless there is a special allowance for that (Quisenberry et al, 2016). This means that there is need for permission to use a patients information in case one needs to post any information, using their status. Acquiring patient permission usually is hectic as some may not want to be exposed and/or victimized for their posts on the social media platforms. Legal Issues Use of social media in healthcare has complicated the relevant legal processes. The platforms have challenged the rights to freedom of speech, searching and seizing and to privacy (Roman, 2014). Legal cases on health have over and over been discussed on social media and in one way or another influenced the outcomes of such court cases, when it should not be the case. Social media platforms such as Facebook have been criticized for sharing individual information to third parties (Hartley, 2014). In the US for instance, users must agree to terms that their information may be shared with security agencies in case of any special request from them. In this regard, individuals who might have shared health information out of good will or otherwise, may be victimized if found culpable to have committed any defined crime online. Third party organizations through social media platforms hosted by a number of HCPs like micro-blogs, access individual contact information for their own use (Prasad, 2013). With time, they may start sending adverts and unwanted messages to these contacts without prior permission and this violates personal privacy. Conclusions This report provides an overview on the use of social media as a health technology by different institutions and health services consumer groups. The social media includes creation of content through blogs, sharing of media and social networks, run on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, You Tube, Tumblr among others. The report highlights a framework to evaluate this technology particularly in terms of costs, flexibility, equity, social and ethical implications. Further the report outlines ways social media can improve patient care and the benefits and the risks involved in its use in health care systems. Recommendations The following recommendations should be considered in order Improving credibility of information- HCPs creating blogs and any health social media content should share information sourced from credible publications, while avoiding inaccurate information. Prevention of Damage to Professional Image-There is need for health institutions to provide clear guidelines to HCPs on the appropriate procedures to follow when engaging patients via social media so as not to contravene their contract terms as HCPs and their commitment to ensuring patient privacy of information. Protection of patient privacy-Interactions on the social media platforms should not feature the specific names of patients without due authorization. Legal Issues- In creating online content and making any interactions with different groups, there is a need to understand any relevant laws regarding the privacy of individuals. References Alsobayel, H. (2016). Use of Social Media for Professional Development by Health Care Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey. JMIR Medical Education, 2(2), e15. https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mededu.6232 Antheunis, M., Tates, K., Nieboer, T. (2013). Patients and health professionals use of social media in health care: Motives, barriers and expectations. Patient Education and Counseling, 92(3), 426-431. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.06.020 Benjamin, C. (2006). A framework for evaluating new technologies. 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